PART C GRAMMAR

GRAMMATICAL UNITS

(Các đơn vị ngữ pháp)

Part 2 (phần 2)

I. GRAMMATICAL UNITS

A.PRONOUNS (ĐẠI TỪ)

A pronoun is used in place of a noun. The noun it refers to is called the “antecedent.”

Đại từ được dùng thay cho danh từ. Danh từ mà đại từ đề cập đến được gọi là “từ đứng trước”

Ex:   a) I read a book. It was good. (Tôi đã đọc một quyển sách. Nó rất hay)

1. b) I read some They were good. (Tôi đã đọc vài quyển sách.

chúng rất hay)

In (a) the pronoun it refers to the antecedent noun book.

Câu (a) đại từ it đề cập đến danh từ đứng trước book.

A singular pronoun is used to refer to a singular noun, as in (a). A plural

pronoun is used to refer to a plural noun, as in (b).

Đại từ số ít được dùng để đề cập đến danh từ số ít, như trong câu (a). Đại từ số nhiều được dùng để đề cập đến danh từ số nhiều, như trong câu (b).

Subject Pronoun Đại từ chủ từ	Object Pronoun Đại từ túc từ	Possessive Pronoun Đại từ sở hữu	Possessive Adjective Tính từ sở hữu
I You He, She, It	me you her, him, it	mine yours hers, his, its	my name your name her, his, its name
We You They	us you them	ours yours theirs	our names your names their names

Ex:  c)  I like tea. Do you like tea too?

(Tôi thích trà. Bạn có thích trà không?)

Sometimes the antecedent noun is understood, not explicitly stated. In (c): I refers to the speaker, and you refers to the person the speaker is talking to.

Đôi khi danh từ đứng trước được hiểu ngầm, không được nêu rõ. Câu (c); I đề cập đến người nói, và you đề cập đến người mà người nói đang nói chuyện với.

Ex: d) John has a car. He drives to work.

(John có một chiếc xe. Anh ấy lái xe đi làm.)

Subject pronouns are used as subjects of sentences, as he in (d).

Đại từ chủ từ được dùng làm chủ từ của câu, như he trong câu (d).

Ex: e) John works in my office. I know him well.

(John làm việc trong văn phòng của tôi. Tôi biết rõ anh ấy.)

1. f) I talk to him every day. (Tôi nói chuyện với anh ấy mỗi ngày.)

Object pronouns are used as the objects of verbs, as in (e), or as the objects of prepositions, as in (f).

Đại từ túc từ được dùng làm túc từ của động từ, như trong câu (e), hoặc là túc từ của giới từ như trong câu (f).

Ex: g) That book is hers. (Quyển sách đó của cô ấy.)

Yours is over there. (Của bạn ở đằng kia.)

Possessive pronouns are not followed immediately by a noun; the stand alone as in (g).

Không có danh từ ngay sau đại từ sở hữu, nó đứng một mình như câu (g).

Ex: h) Her book is here. (Sách của cô ấy ở đây.)

           Your book is over there. (Sách của bạn ở đằng kia.)

Possessive adjective are followed immediately by a noun; they do not stand alone.

Ngay sau tính từ sở hữu là một danh từ, nó không đứng một mình.

Exercise  I.A.1.   Preview: Personal pronouns

               Directions: Correct the errors you find in pronoun usage.      

1. Some North American food is very good, but I don’t like most of them.
2. When we was schoolgirls. My sister and me used to play badminton after school every day.
3. If you want to pass you’re exams, you had better study hard of it.
4. The work had to be finished by my boss and I after the store had closed for the night.
5. A hippopotamus spends most of it’s time in the water of rivers and lakes.
6. After work, Mr. Gray asked to speak to Tim and I about the company’s new policies. He explained it to us and asked for ours opinions.
7. A child should learn to respect other people. They need to learn how to treat other people politely, including their playmates.
8. My friends asked to borrow my car because their’s was in the garage for repairs.

Exercise I.A.2. Personal pronouns: antecedents.

      Directions: Identify the personal pronouns and their antecedents.

1. Jack has part-time job. He works at a fast-food restaurant.
2. Most monkeys don’t like water, but they can swim well when they have to.
3. The teacher graded the students’ papers last night. She returned them during class today.
4. Nancy took an apple with her to work. She ate it at lunch time.
5. A dog makes a good pet if it is properly trained.
6. Tom’s cat is named Maybelle Alice. She is very independent. She never obeys Tom. His dogs, on the other hand, obey him gladly. They like to please him.

Exercise  I.A.3. Possessive pronouns and adjectives

      Directions: Choose the correct words in italics

1. This is my/ mine Your/ yours umbrella over there.
2. This umbrella is my/ mine. The other one is your/ yours
3. Mary and Bob have their/ theirs In other words, Mary has her/ hers and Bob has his/ him
4. A honeybee has two wings on each side of its/ it’s
5. Its/ It’s true that a homing pigeon will find its/ it’s way home even though it begin its/ it’s trip in unfamiliar territory.
6. I have a pet. Its/ it’s name is Squeak. Its/ it’s a turtle. Its/ it’s been my pet for two years.
7. Our/ ours house is almost the same as our/ ours neighbors’ house. The only difference in appearance is that our/ ours is grey and their/ theirs is white.
8. When I was in Florida, I observed an interesting fish-eating bird called an anhinga. It/ They dives into the water and spears its/ it’s prey on its/ it’s long, pointed bill. After emerging from the water, it/ they tosses the fish into the air and catches it/them in mid-air, then swallows it/them Its/ it’s interesting to watch anhinga in action. I enjoy watching it/ them.

  B.NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH WHETHER OR IF

            MỆNH ĐỀ DANH TỪ BẮT ĐẦU VỚI WHETHER HOẶC IF

 When a yes/ no question is changed to a noun clause, whether or if is used to introduce the clause.

Khi loại câu hỏi yes/ no được đổi thành mệnh đề danh từ, ta dùng whether hoặc if để giới thiệu mệnh đề.

YES/ NO QUESTION                 NOUN CLAUSE

Will she come?                          a) I don’t know whether she will come.

                                                           (Tôi không biết là cô ấy sẽ đến.)

                                                           I don’t know if she will come.

(Tôi không biết cô ấy sẽ đến.)

Does he need help?                 b) I wonder whether he needs help.

(Tôi không biết liệu ông ấy cần giúp đỡ.)

I wonder if he need help.

(Tôi không biết liệu ông ta có cần giúp đỡ.)

Note:

Whether is more acceptable in formal English, but if is quite commonly

used, especially in speaking.)

Ghi chú:

Whether được dùng nhiều hơn trong tiếng Anh trang trọng, nhưng if khá

thông dụng, đặc biệt khi nói.

Exercise I.B.1.  Noun clause beginning with whether or if

      Directions: Begin all respond with “I wonder…”

Ex:       Does (…) need any help?

                                               I wonder whether/ if (…) needs any help.

Where is (…)?

I wonder where (…) is.

1. Where is your friend?
2. Should we wait for him?
3. Should you call him?
4. Where is your dictionary?
5. Who took your dictionary?
6. Who is that woman?
7. Does she need any help?
8. Why is the sky blue?
9. How long does a butterfly live?
10. What causes earthquakes?

Exercise I.B.2.  Noun clauses.

Directions: Begin all responses with “Could you please tell me…”

Ex:        What is this?

Could you please tell me what this is?

1. Does this bus go downtown?
2. How much does this book cost?
3. When is Flight 62 expected to arrive?
4. Where is the nearest phone?
5. Is this word spelled correctly?
6. What time is it?
7. Is this information correct?
8. How much does it cost to fly from Chicago to New York
9. Where is the bus station?
10. Whose pen is this?

Exercise I.B.3  Error analysis: noun clauses

Directions: Correct the error

Ex:       Please tell me what is your name.

Please tell what your name is.

1. No one seem to know when will Mary arrive.
2. I wonder why was Bob late for class.
3. I don’t know what does that word mean.
4. I wonder does the teacher know the answer?
5. What should they do about the hole in their roof is their most pressing problem.
6. I’ll ask her would she like some coffee or not.
7. Be sure to tell the doctor where does it hurt.
8. Why am I unhappy is something I can’t explain.
9. I need to know who is your teacher.
10. I don’t understand why is the car not running properly.

C. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES – MỆNH ĐỀ TÍNH NGỮ

An adjective clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun. It describes, identifies, or gives further information about a noun. (An adjective clause is also called “ a relative clause.”)

Mệnh đề tính ngữ là mệnh đề phụ thuộc bổ nghĩa cho danh từ. Nó miêu tả, làm rõ, hoặc thêm thông tin về danh từ. (Mệnh đề tính ngữ cũng được gọi là “mệnh đề quan hệ”.)

Usual Patterns of adjective clauses

Các mẫu thông thường của mệnh đề tính ngữ.

a.USUAL:

THÔNG DỤNG:       I like the people who live next to me.

(Tôi thích những người sống bên cạnh tôi.)

LESS USUAL:

ÍT THÔNG DỤNG:   I like the people that live next to me.

(Tôi thích những người sống bên cạnh tôi.)

In every day informal usage, often one adjective clause pattern is used

more commonly than another. In (a): As a subject pronoun, who is more

common than that.

Trong cách dùng thân mật hàng ngày, ta thường dùng một mẫu nào đó

của mệnh đề tính ngữ hơn mẫu khác. Câu (a) Who thông dụng hơn that

làm đại từ chủ từ.

b. USUAL:

THÔNG DỤNG:       I like books that have good plots.

(Tôi thích những quyển sách có cốt chuyện hay.)

LESS USUAL

ÍT THÔNG DỤNG:   I like books which have good plots.

(Tôi thích những quyển sách có cốt chuyện hay.)

c. USUAL

THÔNG DỤNG:       I like the people Ф I met last night

(Tôi thích những người tôi đã gặp đêm qua.)

d.USUAL

THÔNG DỤNG:       I like the book Ф I read last week.

(Tôi thích quyển sách tôi đã đọc đêm qua.)

In (c) and (d): Object pronouns are common omitted, especially in

Speaking.

Câu (c) và (d): Đại từ túc từ thường được bỏ đi, đặc biệt trong văn nói.

    Exercise I.C.1  Adjective Clauses

    Directions: Combine the sentences, using the second sentence as an adjective clause. Give all the possessive adjective patterns.

Ex:  The scientist is well known for her research. We meet

her yesterday.

The scientist (Ф/whom/that) we met yesterday is well

Known r research.

1. She lectured on a topic. I know very little about it.
2. The students missed the assignment. They were absent from class.
3. Yesterday I ran into an old friend. I hadn’t seen him for years.
4. The young woman are all from Japan. We met them at the meeting last night.
5. I am reading a book. It was written by Jane Austen.
6. The man give me good advice. I spoke to him.
7. I returned the money. I had borrowed it from my roommate.
8. The dogcatcher caught the dog. It had bitten my neighbor’s daughter.
9. I read about a man. He keep chickens in his apartment.

      Exercise I.C.2 Correct the Error adjective clauses

Directions: All these sentences content errors in adjective clause Structures. Correct the errors.

1. In our village, there were many people didn’t have much money.
2. I enjoy the book that you told me to read it.
3. I still remember the man who he taught me to play the violin when I was a boy.
4. I showed my father a picture of the car I am going to buy it as soon as I save enough money.
5. The woman about who I was talking about suddenly walked into the room. I hope she didn’t hear me.
6. Almost all of the people appear on television wear makeup.
7. I don’t like to spend time with people which loses their temper easily.
8. The boy drew pictures of people at an airport which was waiting for their planes.
9. People who works in the hunger program they estimate that 3500 people in the world die from starvation every day of the year.
10. In one corner of the market place, an old man who was playing a violin.

D.ADVERB CLAUSES – MỆNH ĐỀ TRẠNG NGỮ

USING ADVERB CLAUSES TO SHOW CAUSE AND EFFECT

DÙNG MỆNH ĐỀ TRẠNG NGỮ ĐỂ CHỈ NGUYÊN NHÂN VÀ HẬU QUẢ.

 Adverb clauses are dependent clauses. They cannot stand alone as a sentence in written English. They must be connected to an independent clauses.

Mệnh đề trạng ngữ là một mệnh đề phụ thuộc. Chúng không thể đứng một mình làm thành câu trong văn viết tiếng anh. Ta phải nối chúng với một mệnh đề độc lập.

Ex:     a)  Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.

(Bởi vì anh ấy buồn ngủ, anh ấy đi ngủ.)

1. b) He went to bed because he was sleepy.

(Anh ấy đi ngủ vì anh ấy buồn ngủ.)

An adverb clause may precede or follow the independent clause. Notice the punctuation in (a) and (b).

Mệnh đề trạng ngữ có thể đứng trước hoặc sau mệnh đề độc lập. Chú ý cách chấm câu trong câu (a) và (b).

Ex:     (c)  Now that the semester is over, I am going to rest a few days

and then take a trip.

(Bây giờ khi học kỳ kết thúc, tôi sẽ nghỉ ngơi vài ngày và sau

đó đi du lịch.)

(d)  Jack lost his job. Now that he’s unemployed, he can’t pay

his bills.

( Jack mất việc. Bây giờ anh ta thất nghiệp, anh ta không thể

trả tiền các hoá đơn.)

Now that mean “because now”. In (c) Now that the semester is over means “because the semester is now over.” Now that is used for present causes of present or future situations.

Now that có nghĩa “bởi vì bây giờ”. Trong câu (c): Now that the semester is over có nghĩa “bởi vì bây giờ học kỳ đã qua”. Now that được dùng cho  nguyên nhân hiện tại của tình huống hiện tại hoặc tương lai.

Ex:     e)  Since Monday is a holiday, we don’t have to go to work.

(Bởi vì thứ hai là ngày nghỉ, chúng tôi không phải đi làm.)

1.        f)  Since you’re a good cook and I am not, you should cook the

dinner.

When since is used to mean “because,” it expresses a known cause; it means “because it is the fact that” or “given it is true that.” Cause and effect sentences with since say: “Given the fact that X is true, Y is the result.” In (e): “ Given the fact that Monday is a holiday, we don’t have to work.”

Khi Since được dùng có nghĩa là “bởi vì”, nó diễn tả nguyên nhân đã biết; nó nghĩa là “bởi vì sự việc là thật” hoặc “vì sự thật là”. Các câu nguyên nhân và kêt quả với since có ý: “Sự kiện về X là đúng, Y là kết quả”. Câu (e): “Bởi vì thứ hai là ngày nghỉ, chúng tôi không phải đi làm việc”.

Note: Since has two meanings. One is “because.” It is also used in time clauses. e.g Since I came here, I have met many people.

Ghi chú: Since có hai nghĩa. Một là “bởi vì”. Nó cũng được dùng trong mệnh đề chỉ thời gian. Ví dụ Từ khi tôi đến đây, tôi đã gặp được nhiều người.

 Exercise I.D.1 Using adverb clauses to show cause and effect (1)

Directions: Combine the sentences, using the word or phrase in parentheses. Add comma where necessary.

Ex: –  We can go swimming every day. The weather is warm. (nowthat)

We can go swimming every day now that the weather is warm.

• All of the students had done poorly on the test. The teacher decided to give it again.

Since all of the students had done poorly on the test, the teacher decided to give it again.

 Cold air hovers near the earth. It í heavier than hot air. (because)

1. You paid for the theater tickets. Please let me pay for our dinner. (since)
2. Larry is finally caught up on his work. He can start his vacation tomorrow. (now that)
3. Our TV set was broken. We listened to the news on the radio. (because)
4. My brother got married last month. He’s a married man now, so he has more responsibilities. (now that)
5. Oil is an irreplaceable natural resource. We must do whatever we can in order to conserve it. (since)
6. Do you want to go for a walk? The rain has stopped. (now that)
7. Many young people move to the cities in search of employment. There are few jobs available in the rural areas. (since)
8. The civil war has ended. A new government is being formed. (now that)
9. Ninety-two thousand people already have reservations with an airline company for a trip to the moon. I doubt that I’ll get the chance to go on one of the first tourist flights. (since)

      Exercise I.D.2  Using adverb clauses to show cause and effect (2)

1. Now that I’ve finally finished ….
2. The teacher didn’t ….because….
3. Since it’s too expensive to ….
4. Jack can’t stay out all night with his friends now that ….
5. Since we don’t have class tomorrow ….

 

II.TENSES IN ENGLISH – CÁC THÌ TRONG TIẾNG ANH

A.PAST CONTINUOUS – THÌ QUÁ KHỨ TIẾP DIỄN

FORMATION:

SUBJECT  +  (WERE/ WAS)  +  V ING

 We use the past continuous to say that someone was in the middle of doing

something at a certain time. The action or situation had already started before

this time but hadn’t finished:

Chúng ta sử dụng thì quá khứ tiếp diễn để diễn tả về một ai đó đang trong lúc

lưng chừng làm một công việc ngay thời điểm nào đó. Hành động và tình huống

đã bắt đầu trước thời điểm này nhưng chưa kết thúc.

Ex: a) This time last year. I was living in Brazil.

(Năm ngoái vào thời điểm này tôi đã đang ở Brazil.

1. b)  What were you doing at 10 o’clock last night?

(Tối qua lúc 10 giờ anh (đã) đang làm gì?)

Both action occurred at the same time, but one action began earlier

and was in progress when the other action occurred.

Cả hai hành động xảy ra cùng lúc, nhưng một hành động bắt đầu trước

và đang tiếp diễn thì hành động khác xảy ra.

Ex: c)  I was walking down the street when it began to rain.

(Tôi đang đi xuống phố (1) thì trời bắt đầu mưa (2).

Sometimes, the past continuous is used in both parts of a sentence when two

action are in progress simultaneously.

Đôi khi thì quá khứ tiếp diễn được dùng ở cả hai phần trong một câu khi hai

hành động đang tiếp diễn đồng thời với nhau.

Ex:  d)  While I was studying in one room of our apartment, my

roommate was having a party in the other room.

(Trong khi tôi đang học trong phòng của tôi, thì bạn tôi đang

mở tiệc ở phòng khác).

Exercise II.A. Simple past vs. Past Continuous

 Directions: Use the simple past or past continuous of the verbs in parentheses.

Ex:  I am sitting in class right now. I (sit)  was sitting  in class at this exact same time yesterday.

1. I don’t want to go to the zoo today because it is raining. The same thing happened yesterday. I (want, not) ______________ to go to the zoo because it (rain) __________________.
2. I (call) ______________Roger at nine last night, but he (be, not) _____________ at home. He (study) ______________ at the library.
3. I (here, not) ______________ the thunder during the storm last night because I (sleep)
4. I was beautiful yesterday when we went for a walk in the park. The sun (shine) A cool breeze (blow) _____________. The birds (sing) ______________.
5. My brother and sister (argue) _______________ about something when I (walk) ____________ in the room.
6. I got a package in the mail. When I (open) ___________ it, I (find) _____________ a surprise.
7. While Mrs. Emerson (read) __________________ the little boy a story, he (fall) ______________ asleep, so she (close) the book and quietly (tiptoe) ____________ out of the room.
8. A: Why weren’t you at the meeting?

B: I (wait) ______________for an overseas call from my family.

1. A: (you, hear) _____________ what she just said?

B: No, I (listen, not)  ______________. I (think) ____________ about something else.

1. A: How (you, break) _____________ your arm?

B: I (slip) _______________ on the ice while I (cross) ____________ the street in front of the dorm.

B.PRESENT PERFECT – THÌ HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH

FORMATION:

SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + V 3

 The present perfect expresses the idea that something happened (or never happened) before now, at an unspecified time in the past. The exact time it happened is not important.

Thì hiện tại hoàn thành diễn tả sự việc đã xảy ra (hoặc chưa bao giờ xảy ra) trước đây, tại thời điểm không xác định rõ trong quá khứ. Thời điểm chính xác khi sự việc xảy ra không quan trọng.

Ex: a)  They have moved into a new apartment.

(Họ đã dọn đến căn hộ mới.)

The present perfect also expresses the repetition of an activity before now.

The exact time of each repetition is not important.

Thì hiện tại hoàn thành cũng diễn tả hoạt động lập đi lập lại trước đây. Thời

điểm chính xác của từng việc lập đi lập lại không quan trọng.

Ex: b) I have gone on an airplane many times.

(Tôi đã đi máy bay nhiều lần.)

Notice: The adverbs ever, never, already, yet, still and just are frequently

used with the present perfect.

Chú ý: Các trạng từ ever có bao giờ, never chưa bao giờ, already rồi, yet

chưa, still vẫn còn và just vừa mới thường được dùng với thì hiện tại hoàn

thành.

Ex: c) I have never seen snow.

(Tôi chưa bao giờ thấy tuyết.)

1. Have you ever visited Mexico?

(Bạn đã từng bao giờ đến Mexico chưa?)

1. f) I have already seen that movie.

(Tôi đã xem bộ phim đó rồi.)

1. Alex feels bad. He has just heard some bad news.

(Alex cảm thấy buồn. Anh ấy vừa mới nghe tin xấu.)

The present perfect, when used with for or since, also expresses a situation

that began in the past and continues to the present.

Với for được, trong hoặc since từ, thì hiện tại hoàn thành cũng bắt đầu tình huống trong quá khứ và tiếp tục đến hiện tại.

                                 Since + a particular time – thời điểm cụ thể

                                 For + a duration of time – khoảng thời gian

Exercise II.B.  Present Perfect vs simple past

Directions: Use the simple or present perfect. In some sentences, either tense is possible but the meaning is different.

1. I (attend, not) _______________ any parties since I came here.
2. Al (go) ______________ to a party at Sally’s apartment last Saturday night.
3. Bill (arrive) _____________ here three days ago.
4. Try not to be absent from class again for the rest of the term. You (miss, already) _____________ too many classes. You (miss) ___________ two classes just last week.
5. So far this week, I (have) _____________ two tests and a quiz.
6. Alex is an artist. He (draw) _____________ many beautiful pictures in his lifetime. Last week he (draw) _______________ a beautiful mountain scene.
7. Jack really needs to get in touch with you. Since this morning, he (call) _____________ four time trying to reach you. He (call) at 9:10, 10:25, 12:15, and 1:45.
8. Janet (wear) _______________ her new blue dress only once since she bought it. She (wear) ______________it to her brother’s wedding last month.
9. The night has ended, and it’s daylight now. The sun (rise) It (rise) _______________ at 6:08.
10. Last January, I (see) ______________ snow for the first time in my life.
11. Fatima (see, never) _____________ snow in her entire my life.
12. I (know) ______________ Greg Adams for ten years.
13. A: Is Ahmed here yet?

B: Yes. He (arrive, just) ____________.

1. A: I (be, not) __________________ able to reach Mr. Chang yet. So far he (respond, not) _______________ to any of my attempts to reach him.

B: Oh?

A: I (start) _______________ trying to reach him three days ago. Since then, I (fax) ______________ him twice. I (phone) ______________ him four times. And I (send) ______________ at least six e-mails.

C. SIMPLE FUTURE – WILL AND BE GOING TO

     THÌ TƯƠNG LAI ĐƠN: WILL VÀ BE GOING TO

FORMATION:

 

SUBJECT  +      WILL                    +  VERB                            BE GOING TO

 

Will or be going to is used to express future time.

Will hoặc be going to được dùng để diễn tả thời gian tương lai.

                 Ex: a) Jack will finish his work tomorrow.

(Jack sẽ làm xong công việc vào ngày mai.)

1. b) Jack is going to finish his work tomorrow.

(Jack sẽ làm xong công việc vào ngày mai.)

1. c)  Anna won’t be here tomorrow.

(Anna sẽ không đến đây vào ngày mai.)

When the speaker is making a prediction (a statement about something he or she thinks will be true or will occur in the future), either will or be going to is possible in (a) and (b).

Khi người nói đưa ra một tiên đoán (câu phát biểu về điều gì đó mà người đó cho là sẽ đúng hoặc sẽ xảy ra trong tương lai), thì cả will và be going to đều có thể dùng được.

In (c): The contracted form of will + not is won’t.

Câu (c): Dạng rút gọn của will + not là won’t.

When the speaker is expressing a prior plan (something speaker intends to do in the future because in the past he or she has made s plan or decision to do it), only be going to is used (d).

Khi người nói đang diễn tả kế hoạch sắp đặt trước (sự việc mà người nói định làm trong tương lai bởi vì người đó đã lên kế hoạch hoặc đã quyết định làm điều gì đó trong quá khứ), chỉ dùng be going to. (d)

Ex:  d) A: Why did you buy this paint?

(Tại sao bạn mua sơn này?)

B: I’m going to paint my bedroom tomorrow.

(Tôi dự định ngày mai sẽ sơn phòng ngủ của tôi.)

1. A: The phone’s ringing. (chuông điện thoại đang reo.)

B:  I’ll get it. (để tôi nghe.)

In (e) Speaker B saying “I am willing; I am happy to get the phone.” He is not

making a prediction. He has made no prior plan to answer the phone. He is,

instead, volunteering to answer the phone and uses will to show his

willingness.

In (e): The contracted form of I + Will  is  I’ll.

        Câu (e) anh B nói: “ tôi sẵn lòng; tôi vui sướng trả lời điện thoại.” Anh ấy không

có đoán trước. Anh ấy không sắp đặt trước việc trả lời điện thoại. Thay vì vậy

anh tình nguyện trả lời điện thoại và dùng will cho thấy sự sẵn lòng của anh ấy.

Exercise II.C. Will vs Be Going To

PART I.  EXPRESSING PREDICTIONS

(Use will and or be going to with the verb in parentheses.)

1. Sue (graduate) will graduate/ is going to graduate in June. After that, she (begin) will begin/ is going to begin work at an electronic firm.
2. Fred (be) ___________ at the meeting tomorrow. I think Jane (come) ___________ too.
3. A: Can you give Ad a message for me?

B: Sure, I (see, probably) ___________ him at the meeting this evening.

4.A: Swan (be, not) ___________ here next term. He has resigned. Who (be) ____________ the new teacher? Do you know?

B:  Yes, Ms. Mary Jefferson. Ms. Jefferson (teach) ___________ the

same courses Mr. Swan taught: English, algebra and geometry. I (be)

____________ in her algebra class.

1. In what ways (the damage we do to our environment today, effect) _______________________________________________________ the quality of life for future generation?

PART II. EXPRESSING PRIOR PLAN vs WILLINGNESS

(Use be going to if you think the speaker is expressing a prior plan. If you

think he/ she has no prior plan, use will.

1.A: This letter in French, and I don’t speak French. Can you help me?

B: Sure, I (translate) will translate it for you.

2.A:  Do you want to go shopping with me? I (go) am going to go to the shopping mall downtown.

B: Sure. What time do you want to leave?

3.A: Who want to erase the board? Are there any volunteers?

B: I (do) ___________ it!

C: I (do) ___________ it!

4.A: Why does he have an eraser in his hand?

B: He (erase) _________________ the board.

5.A: How about getting together for dinner after work?

B: Sound good. Where?

6.A: How about Alice’s Restaurant or Gateway Cafe? You decide.

B: Alice’s Restaurant. I (meet) _____________ you there around six.

7.A: Great.

8.A: Do you have plans for dinner?

B: Yes. I (meet) ____________ a co-worker for dinner at Alice’s Restaurant. Want to join us?

9.A: This light doesn’t work. The bulb í probably burned out. Do you have any new light bulbs?

B: I (get) ______________ one for you.

A: Thanks.

10.A: I (enroll) ____________ in the community college next spring.

B: Oh? I didn’t know you wanted to go back to school.

A: I need to sharpen skills so I can get a better job. I (take) ____________ a course in word processing.

11 A: Uh, Oh! I’ve spilled coffee on my shirt!

B: Just a minutes. I (get) ___________ a damp cloth for you.

12.A: Janice, do you want to come with us?

B: I can’t. I have to study.

13.A: Oh, c’mon! You can’t study all day and all night.

B: All right, I (go) ______________ with you. I guess I can finish this stuff tomorrow.

14.A: I (sell) ______________ my bicycle. I have to.

B: What? Why? You need your bicycle to get to work.

15.A: How do you spell “accustomed”

B: I’m not sure. I (look) ___________ it up for you.

16.A: Thanks.

B: Here It is. I has two “c” but only one “m”.

B.CONDITIONAL TYPE II – CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI II

  A conditional sentence typically consists of an if-clause (which presents a condition) and a result clause. Example: if it rain, the streets get wet.

      Câu điều kiện tiêu biểu gồm có mệnh đề if (trình bày điều kiện) và mệnh đề kết quả.
Ví dụ: Nếu trời mưa, đường phố bị ướt.

TYPE II:

 

IF …  +   PAST   …   +   WOULD   +   SIMPLE FORM

  A conditional sentence type II:  is used to express untrue (contrary to fact) in the present or future.

Câu điều kiện loại II: được dùng để diễn tả điều kiện không đúng (trái ngược với thực tế) ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai.

Ex:  a)  If I taught this class, I wouldn’t give tests.

(Nếu tôi dạy lớp này, tôi sẽ không cho bài kiểm tra.)

1. b)  If I were you, I’d accept their invitation.

(Nếu tôi là bạn, tôi sẽ nhận lời mời của họ.)

In (a): In truth, I don’t teach this class.

Câu (a): Sự thật là tôi không dạy lớp này.)

Note: Were in (b) is used for both singular and plural subject. Was (with I, he,

she, it) is sometimes used in informal speech: If I was you, I’d accept their

       invitation.

Ghi chú: Were được dùng cho cả chủ từ số nhiều và số ít. Đôi khi ta dùng Was

(với I, he, she, it) trong văn nói thân mật: Nếu tôi là bạn tôi sẽ nhận lời mời của

họ.)

Ex:  c)  If I had enough money, I would buy a car.

(Nếu tôi có tiền, tôi sẽ mua một chiếc xe hơi.)

1. d)  If I had enough money, I could buy a car.)

(Nếu tôi có tiền, tôi có thể mua một chiếc xe hơi.)

In (c): The speaker want a car, but doesn’t have enough money. Would

expresses desired or predictable results.

Câu (c): Người nói muốn có một chiếc xe hơi, nhưng không đủ tiền. Would diễn

tả kết quả mong muốn hoặc có thể đoán trước được.

In (d): The speaker is expressing one possible result. Could = would be able to.

        Could expresses possible options.

Câu (d):  Người nói diễn tả một kết quả có thể có. Could = would be able to.

        Could diễn tả các khả năng chọn lựa co thể có.

Exercise II. B. Present or future conditional sentences.

Directions: Complete the sentences with the verbs in parentheses.

1. If I have enough apples, I (bake) _______________ an apple pie this afternoon.
2. If I had enough apples, I (bake) _______________ an apple pie this afternoon.
3. I will fix your bicycle if I (have) __________________ a screwdriver of the proper size.
4. I would fix your bicycle if I (have) _______________ a screwdriver of proper size.
5. Sally always answers the phone if she (be) ____________ in her office.
6. Sally would answer the phone if she (be) _____________ in her office right now.
7. I (be, not) ________________ a student in this class if English (be) _______________ my native language.
8. Most people know that oil floats on water. If you pour oil on water, It (float) _________________.
9. If there (be) ________________ no oxygen on earth, life as we know it (exist, not) ________________.
10. My evening newspaper has been late every day this week. If the paper (arrive, not) _______________ on time today. I’m going to cancel my subscription.
11. If I (be) _______________ a bird, I (want, not) _____________ to live my whole life in a cage.
12. How old (human beings, live) _______________ to be if all diseases in the world (be) ________________ completely eradicated?
13. If you boil water, it (disappear) _______________ into the atmosphere as vapor.
14. If people (have) ________________ paws instead of hands with fingers and opposable thumbs, the machines we use in every day life (have to) ____________________ be constructed very differently. We (be, not) ________________ able to turn knobs, push small buttons, or hold tools and utensils securely.

III. MODALS: CAN – COULD – BE ABLE TO (ĐỘNG TỪ KHUYẾT: ĐƯỢC – CÓ THỂ ĐƯỢC)

Modal auxiliaries generally express speakers’ attitude. For example, modals can

express that a speaker feel something is necessary, advisable, permissible, possible or probable; and; in addition, they can convey the strength of those attitudes.

Nói chung động từ khuyết diễn tả thái độ của người nói. Ví dụ, các động từ khuyết có thể diễn tả người nói cảm thấy điều gì là cần thiết, nên làm, được phép, có thể được, hoặc rất có khả năng xảy ra; và, ngoài ra, chúng có thể diễn đạt độ mạnh của các thái độ này.

1. We use can (do) to say that something is possible or that someone has the ability to do something. The negative is can’t (can not).

Chúng ta sử dụng can (do) làm được để nói đến một việc gì đó có thể thực hiện được hoặc một ai đó có khả năng làm điều gì. Hình thức phủ định là  can’t (can not).

Ex:     You can see the sea from our bedroom window.

(Bạn thấy được biển từ cửa sổ phòng ngủ của chúng tôi).

   Can you speak any foreign language?

(Bạn nói được ngoại ngữ nào không?)

I’m afraid I can’t come to your party next Friday.

(Tôi e rằng tôi không đến dự bữa tiệc của bạn được vào thứ sáu tới.)

1. Sometimes could is the past of can. We use could especially with these verbs: see, hear, smell, taste, feel, remember, understand.

Đôi khi could là quá khứ của can. Chúng ta đặc biệt sử dụng could với nhũng động từ sau đây: see (trông thấy), hear (nghe), smell (ngửi), taste (nếm, có vị), feel (cảm thẩy), remember (nhớ) understand (hiểu).

Ex:   When we went into the house, we could smell burning.

(Khi chúng tôi vào trong nhà, chúng tôi đã ngửi có mùi cháy).

She spoke in a low voice but I could understand what she was saying.

(Cô ta nói nhỏ giọng nhưng tôi hiểu được cô ta đang nói gì).

We also use could to say that someone had the general ability to do something.

My grandfather could speak five languages.

(Ông của tôi có thể nói được năm thứ tiếng).

When Tom was 16, he could run 100 metres in 11 seconds.

(Khi Tom 16 tuổi , anh ta có thể chạy 100 thước trong vòng 11 giây).

But if you mean that someone managed to do something in one particular situation, you have to use was/ were able to (not could).

Tuy nhiên, nếu bạn muốn diễn tả rằng một ai đó đã cố xoay sở để làm điều gì trong một tình huống cá biệt, bạn phải dùng was/were able to không phải could.

            The fire spread through the building very quickly but everyone was able (managed) to escape. (not ‘could escape’)

            (Trận hoả hoạn lan khắp toà nhà một cách nhanh chóng nhưng mọi người đều đã có thể (xoay sở) thoát nạn. (không phải ‘could escape’).

           They didn’t want to come with us at first but in the end we were able (= managed) to persuade them. (not ‘could persuade”)

(Thoạt đầu họ đã không muốn đến với chúng tôi nhưng rồi cuối cùng chúng tôi đã có thể (xoay sở) để thuyết phục họ. (không phải ‘could persuade’).

EXERCISE III.  Can – could – be able to

1. In this exercise you have to use can or be able to. Sometimes it is possible to use either.

Ex:  George has travelled a lot. He can (or is able to) speak four languages.

I haven’t been able to sleep very well recently.

1. Tom _____________ drive but he hasn’t got a car.
2. I can’t understand Martin. I’ve never ________________ understand him.
3. I used to _____________ stand on my head but I can’t do it now.
4. Ask Ann about your problem. She should ____________ help you.
5. In this exercise you have to complete the sentence with could…

Ex:  I can’t sing now but I could sing very well when I was a child.

1. He can’t play tennis very well now but he ________________ quite well when he was younger.
2. She can’t run very fast now but when she was at school she _______________ faster than any one else.
3. I can’t swim very far these days but then years ago I _______________ from one side of the lake to the other.
4. This time you have to answer the questions with was/were able to.

Ex:  Did you persuade them?

Yes. It was difficult but we were able to persuade them.

1.Did you find your hour house?

Yes. It took them a long time but they ______________________

2.Did you win the match?

Yes. It wasn’t easy but I __________________________________

3.Did the thief escape?

Yes. The policeman chased the thief but he __________________

2. Now you have to complete a sentence with could, was/were able to or couldn’t

Ex:  My grandfather was very clever. He could (or was able to) speak five languages.

I looked everywhere for the book but I couldn’t find it.

The fire spread quickly but everyone was able to escape.

1. He had hurt his leg, so he __________________ walk very well.
2. She wasn’t at home when I phoned but I _______________ contact her at the office.
3. I looked very carefully and I ________________ see a figure in the distance.
4. They didn’t have any tomatoes in the first shop I wen to, But I ________________ get some in the next shop.
5. My grandmother loved music. She _______________ play the piano very well.
6. The boy fell into the river but fortunately we ______________ rescue him.

 

IV.THE PASIVE – DẠNG BỊ ĐỘNG

FORMING THE PASIVE – THÀNH LẬP DẠNG BỊ DỘNG

 In the passive, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb:

Trong câu bị động túc từ của động từ chủ động trở thành chủ từ của động từ bị động:

Ex: Active         (a)     Mary            helped             the boy

                       Subject         verb                  object

Passive        (b)    The boy       was helped      by Mary

Subject       verb

 The boy in (a) becomes the subject of the passive verb in (b).

The boy trong câu (a) trở thành chủ từ của động từ của động từ bị động

trong câu (b).

Notice that the subject of an active verb follows by in a passive sentence.

The noun that follows by is called the “agent.” In (b) Mary is the agent.

Chú ý là chủ từ của động từ chủ động đứng sau by trong câu bị động. Danh

từ đứng sau by được gọi là “tác nhân”. Trong câu (b): Mary là tác nhân.

(a) and (b) have the same meaning – Câu (a) và (b) có cùng nghĩa.

Only transtive verbs (verbs that can be followed by an object) are used in

the passive. It is not possible to use intransitive verbs (such as happen, sleep,

come, seem) in the passive.

Chỉ có ngoại động từ (các động từ có túc từ theo sau) mới được dùng ở dạng

bị động. Các nội động từ như: happen (xảy ra) sleep (ngủ) come (đến) seem

(dường như) không được dùng ở dạng bị động.

 

Form of the passive: be + past participle          Dạng bị động: be + phân từ quá khứ

ACTIVE                                     PASIVE Simple present  Mary  helped              the boy   The boy is                     helped      by Mary. Present cont.     Mary  is helping         the boy    The boy is being       helped     by Mary. Present perfect Mary  has helped       the boy   The boy has been     helped      by Mary. Simple past        Mary  helped              the boy   The boy was             helped      by Mary. Past cont.           Mary was helping       the boy  The boy was being    helped       by Mary. Past perfect       Mary had helped        the boy   The boy had been     helped       by Mary. Simple future     Mary will helped        the boy   The boy will be          helped       by Mary. Be going to        Mary is going to help the boy The boy is going to be help      by Mary. Future perfect  Mary will have helped the boy  The boy wil have been helped by Mary.

         EXERCISE IV.1. forming the passive

         Directions: Change the active to passive.

1. Tom open the door -> The door         is opened       by Tom.
2. Tom is opening the door -> The door ______________ by Tom.
3. Tom has opened the door -> The door ______________ by Tom.
4. Tom opened the door -> The door ______________ by Tom.
5. Tom was opening the door -> The door ______________ by Tom.
6. Tom will open the door -> The door ______________ by Tom.
7. Tom is going to opened the door -> The door ______________ by Tom.
8. Is Tom opening the door -> ______ the door ________ by Tom.
9. Did Tom open the door -> ______ the door ________ by Tom.
10. Has Tom opened the door -> ______ the door ________ by Tom.

         EXERCISE IV.2  Forming the passive

          Part I:  Change active to passive.

1.Shakespeare wrote that play

That play was written by Shakespeare.

2.Waitresses and waiters serve

__________________________________________________________

3.The teacher is going to explain the lesson.

__________________________________________________________

4.Shirley has suggested a new idea.

_________________________________________________________

5.Bill will invite Ann to the party.

_________________________________________________________

6. Alex is preparing that report.

_________________________________________________________

7.Two horses were pulling the farmer’s wagon.

_________________________________________________________

8. I didn’t write that note. Jim wrote it.

_________________________________________________________

9. Alice didn’t make that pie. Did Mrs. French make it?

__________________________________________________________

10.Does prof. Jackson teach that course? I know that Prof. Adams doesn’ teach it

_________________________________________________________

 

PART 2:   Change the passive to active.

11.That sentence was written by Omar.

_________________________________________________________

12.Our paper are going to be collected by the teacher.

_________________________________________________________

13.Was the electric light bulb invented by Thomas Edison.

_________________________________________________________

14.The speed limit on Highway 5 isn’t obeyed by most drivers.

_________________________________________________________

15.   Have you been informed of a proposed increase in our rent by the

building supper-intendent?

_________________________________________________________

 

EXERCISE IV.3  Forming the passive

 Directions: Change the active to passive if possible. Some verbs ar intransitive and cannot be changed.

1. A strange thing happened yesterday (no change)
2. Jackie scored the winning goal  -> The winning goal was scored by Jackie.
3. My cat died. ________________________________________________
4. I agree with Dr. Ikeda’s theory. _________________________________
5. Dr. Ikeda developed that theory. ________________________________
6. Timmy dropped the cup. ______________________________________
7. The cup fell to the floor. ______________________________________
8. The assistant manager interviewed me. __________________________
9. It rained hard yesterday. ______________________________________
10. A hurricane destroyed the small fishing village. ____________________

__________________________________________________________

V.COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS – LIÊN TỪ KẾT HỢP

        PARALLEL STRUCTURE – CẤU TRÚC SONG SONG

         One use of a conjunction is to connect words or phrases that have the same grammatical function in a sentence. This use of conjunctions is called“parallel structure”. The conjunction used in this pattern are: and, but, or, Nor. These words are called “coordinating conjunctions”.

   Một cách dùng của liên từ là nối các từ hoặc cụm từ có cùng chức năng ngữ pháp trong một câu. Cách dùng này của liên từ được gọi là “cấu trúc song song”.Các liên từ được dùng theo mẫu câu này là and, but, or, nor. Các từ này được gọi là “liên từ kết hợp”.

Ex:   (a)   Steve and his friend are coming to dinner. (Steve và bạn anh ấy cùng đi ăn cơm.)

(b)   Susan raised her hand and snapped her fingers. (Susan đưa lên và búng những ngón tay của mình.)

(c)   He is waving his arms and (is) shouting at us. (Anh ấy vẫy tay và gọi chúng tôi.)

In (a):  noun + and + noun   –  câu (a)  danh từ + and + danh từ

In (b):  verb  + and + verb    –  câu (b)  động từ + and + động từ

In (c):  verb  + and  + verb    – câu  (c)  (the second auxiliary may be omitted if it is the same as the first auxiliary.

Câu (c): động từ + and + động từ (có thể bỏ trợ động từ thứ 2 nếu nó giống trợ động từ thú nhất.)

(d)   Those shoes are old but comfortable.

(Đôi giầy này cũ nhưng mang thoải mái.)

(e)   He wants to watch TV or (to) listen to some music.

(Anh ấy muốn xem TV hoặc nghe nhạc.)

In (d): adjective + but + adjective  –  Câu (d)   tính từ + but + tính từ

In (e): infinitive + or   + infinitive   –  Câu (e)  (the second to is usually omitted.)

Câu (e): động từ nguyên mẫu + or động từ nguyên mẫu (To thứ 2 thường được bỏ đi.)

 EXERCISE V.1  Parallel Structure

Directions: Underline the parallel structure in each sentence and give the Pattern that is used, as shown in the examples.

1.   The old man is extremely kind and generous.   Adjective and adjective.
2. He received a pocket calculator and wool                noun  and  noun

sweater for his birthday.

1. She spoke angrily and bitterly about the war.                     + and +      ____
2. I looked for my book but couldn’t find it.                             + and + ______
3. I hope to go to that university and study under                 + and + ______

Dr. Liu.

1. In my spare time, I enjoy reading novels or                 +   or  + ______

watching television.

1. He will leave at eight and arrive at nine.                              + and + ______
2. He should have broken his engagement to                          + and + ______

Bell and married Sue instead.

EXERCISE V.2 Parallel structure

      Directions: Parallel structure make repeating the same words unnecessary. combine the given sentences into one concise sentence that contains parallel structure.

1.Mary opened the door. Mary greeted her guests.

->  Mary opened the door and greeted her guests.

2.Mary is opening the door. Mary is greeting her guests.

____________________________________________________________

3.Mary will open the door. Mary will greet her guests.

____________________________________________________________

4.Alice is kind. Alice is generous. Alice is trustworthy.

____________________________________________________________

5.He gave her flowers on Sunday. Ha gave her candy on Monday. He gave her a ring on Tuesday.

____________________________________________________________

6. While we were in New York, we intended an opera. While we were in New York, we ate at marvelous restaurants. While we were in New York, we visited some old friends.

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

7.He decided to quit school. He decided to go to California. He decided to find a job.

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

8.I am looking forward to going to Italy. I am looking forward to eating wonderful pasta every day.

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

9.I should have finished my homework. I should have cleaned up my room.

_____________________________________________________________

10.The boy was old enough to work. The boy was old enough to earn some money.

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

VI.GERUNDS: INTRODUCTION – DANH ĐỘNG TỪ: GIỚI THIỆU

 A gerund        is the –ing form of a verb used as a noun. A gerund is used in the same ways as a noun. i.e., as a subject or as an object.

Danh động từ là dạng động từ thêm –ing được dùng như danh từ. Cách dùng của danh động từ giống như danh từ, nghĩa là làm chủ từ hoặc túc từ.

Ex:   (a)   Playing tennis is fun. (chơi quần vợt thì vui.)

│                    │

S                    V

(b)   We     enjoy    playing  tennis.  (Chúng tôi thích chơi quần vợt.)

│          │             │

S          V            O

(c)   He’s excited about playing tennis. (Anh ấy vui khi chơi quần vợt.)

│           │

Prep     O

In (a): playing is a gerund. It is used as the subject of the sentence. Playing

tennis is a gerund phrase.

Câu (a): playing là danh động từ. Nó la chủ từ của câu. Playing tennis là cụm

danh dộng từ.

In (b): playing is gerund used the object of the verb enjoy.

Câu (b): playing là danh động từ làm túc từ của động từ enjoy.

In (c): playing is a gerund used as the object of the preposition about.

Câu (c): playing là danh động từ làm túc từ của giới từ about.

       

        COMMON PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS

        CÁC KẾT HỢP GIỚI TỪ THÔNG DỤNG THEO SAU LÀ DANH ĐỘNG TỪ

       

be excited                                                           apologize be worried                     about doing it            blame (someone) have an excuse          for doing it dream                            about/of doing it       have a reason talk                                                                       be responsible think                                                                     thank (someone)   keep (someone)                                                   insist on doing it prevent (someone)       from doing it prohibit (someone)                                             be accustomed stop (someone)                                                    in addition be committed believe                                                                   be devoted be interested                                                        look forward                to doing it participate                       in doing it                   object succeed                                                                 be supposed be used be accused be capaple for the purpose be guilty instead                             of doing it take advantage take care be tired

 COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS

CÁC ĐỘNG TỪ THÔNG DỤNG THEO SAU LÀ DANH ĐỘNG TỪ

 

enjoy (thưởng thức)   quit  (từ bỏ)  avoid  (tránh)  consider (xem xét) appreciate (đánh giá) stop  (dừng) delay   (hoãn) discuss     (thảo luận) keep (on) ( tiếp tục)    suggest (đề nghị)     mention  (đề cập đến) postpone (put off)  trì hoãn.

EXERCISE. VI.1 Preview

Directions: How many of the preposition combination you already know by completing these sentences with an appropriate preposition and verb form.

1. Alice isn’t interested    in    (look)    looking      for a new job.
2. Henry is excited __________ (leave) ____________ for India.
3. You are capable __________ (do) ____________ better work.
4. I have no excuse __________ (be) ___________ late.
5. I’m accustomed __________ (have) ____________ a big breakfast.
6.    The rain prevented us ___________ (complete) ____________ the work.
7. Fred is always complaining ____________ (have) ___________a headache.
8. Instead ________ (study) ____________, Margaret went to a ballgame with  some of her friends.
9. Thank you ___________ (help) __________ me carry my suitcases.
10. Mrs. Grant insisted ____________ (know) ____________ the whole truth.
11. I believe _________ (be) _____________ honest at all times.
12. You should take advantage ___________ (live) ____________ here.
13. Fatima had a good reason ___________ (go, not) ______________ to class yesterday.
14. Everyone in the neighborhood participated ___________ (search)__________ for the lost child.
15. I apologized to Yoko ________ (make) ___________ her wait for me.
16. The weather is terrible tonight. I don’t blame you ____________ (want,not) ___________ to go to the meeting.
17. Who is responsible ___________ (wash) ____________ and (dry)______________ the dishes after dinner.
18. In addition ___________ (go) ____________ to school full time, Spiro has a part-time job.
19. I stopped the child ___________ (run) _____________ into the street.
20. Where should we go for dinner tonight? Would you object __________ (go)_____________ to an Italian restaurant?

EXERCISE VI. 2 Verb followed by gerund

Complete each sentence with any appropriate gerund.

1. When Beth got tired, she stopped   ___ working/ studying____.
2. Would you mind _____________ the door? Thanks.
3. The weather will get better soon. We can leave as soon as it quits _______.
4. The police officer told him to stop, but the thief kept ____________.
5. I enjoy _____________ a long walk every morning.
6. I have a lot of homework tonight, but I’d still like to go with you later on.I’ll call you when I get through ____________.
7. I would like to have some friends over. I’m thinking about _____________a dinner party.
8. He told a really funny joke. We couldn’t stop ____________!
9. Jack almost had an automobile accident. He barely avoided ____________another car at the intersection of 4^th and Elm
10. Where are you considering ___________ for vâction?
11. Sometimes I put off _____________ my homework.
12. You have to decide where you want to go to school next year. You can’tpostpone _______________ that decision much longer.
13. You wanted to go to Mexico. Sally suggested __________ to Hawaii
14. Tony mentioned ___________ the bus to school insread of walking.
15. I appreciate ___________ able to study in peace and quiet.

ANSWER KEY

 EXERCISE I.A.1   PREVIEW: PERSONAL PRONOUN

 1. Some North American food is very good, but I don’t like most of it

2.When we were school girl, my sister and I used to play badminton after school every day.

3. If you want to pass your exams, you had better study very hard fo them.

4.The work had to be finished by my boss and me after the store had closed for the night.
5. A hippopotamus spends most of its time in the water of rivers and lakes.

6. After work, Mr.Gray asked to speak to Tim and me about the company’s new policies.

7. Children should learn to respect other people. They need to learn how to treat other people politely, including their playmates.

8.My friends asked to borrow my car because theirs was in the garage for repairs.

EXERCISE I.A.2  POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES

 

1. he = pronoun; Jack = the antecedent
2. they … they = pronouns; monkeys = antecedent
3. She = pronoun; teacher = antecedent
4. her… She = pronouns; Nancy = antecedent
5. it = pronoun; apple = antecedent
6. She … She = pronouns; cat = antecedent
7. His … him = pronouns; Tom = antecedent
8. Him = pronoun; Tom = antecedent

EXERCISE I.A.3 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES 

1. my … your
2. mine …. Yours
3. their … hers … his
4. its
5. It’s true … its way… its trip
6. Its name … It’s a turtle … It’s been
7. Our house … our neighbor’s house … ours … theirs
8. It … its prey … its long, pointed bill … it …it … it … It’s interesting … them

EXERCISE I.B.1  NOUN CLAUSE BEGINNING WITH WHETHER OR IF

1. Where my friends is.
2. If/Whether we should wait for him.
3. If/Whether I should call him.
4. Where my dictionary is.
5. Who took my dictionary.
6. Who that woman is.
7. Whether/If she needs any help.
8. Why the sky is blue.
9. How long a butterfly lives.
10. What causes earthquakes.

EXERCISE I.B.2  NOUN CLAUSES

1. If this bus goes downtown?
2. how much this book costs?
3. When Flight 62 is expected to arrive?
4. where the nearest phone is.
5. whether/if this word is spelled correctly?
6. what time it is?
7. if this information is correct?
8. how much it costs to fly from (Chicago) to (New York)?
9. where the bus station is?
10. whose pen this is?

EXERCISE I.B.3  ERROR ANALYSIS: NOUN CLAUSES

1. No one seems to know when Maria will arrive.
2. I wonder why Bob was late for class.
3. I don’t know what (does) that word means.
4. I wonder (does) whether/if the teacher knows the answer.
5. What they should do about the hole in their roof is their most pressing problem.
6. I’ll ask her whether/if she should like some coffee or not.
7. Be sure to tell the doctor where (does) it hurts.
8. Why am I unhappy is something I can’t explain.
9. I need to know who your teacher is.
10. I don’t understand why the car is not running properly.

EXERCISE I.C.1 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

1. She lectured on a topic which/that/Ф I know very little about. Or She lectured on a topic about which I know very little. [usual: topic I know very little about]

2. The students who/that were absent from class missed the assignment. [usual: students who were absent from class]

3. Yesterday I ran into an ald friend who (m)/that/ФI hadn’t seen for years. [usual : friend I hadn’t seen for years]

4.The young women who (m)/that/Ф we met at the meeting last night are all from Japan. [usual: women are met at the meeting last night]

5. I am reading a book which/that was written by Jane Austen. [usual: book that was written by Jane Austen.]

6. The man who(m)/that/ФI spoke to gave me good advice. Or The man to whom I spoke gave me good advice. [usual: man I spoke to]

7. I returned the money which/that/Ф I had borrowed from my roommate. [usual: money I had borrowed from my roommate]

8.The dogcatcher caught the dog which/that had bitten my neighbor’s daughter.

[usual: dog that had bitten my neighbor’s daughter]

9.I read about a man who/that keeps chickens in his apartment. [usual: man who keeps chickens in his apartment]

EXERCISE I.C.2 CORRECT THE ERROR ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

1.  In our village, there were many people who didn’t have much money. Or In our village many people didn’t have much money.
2. I enjoyed the book (that) you told me I read it.
3. I still remember the man who he taught me to play the violin when I was a boy.
4. I showed my father a picture of car I am going to buy it as soon as I save enough money.
5. The woman about whom I was talking about suddenly walked into the room. Or The woman about who(m)/that/Ф I was talking about suddenly walked into the room. I hope she didn’t hear me
6. Almost all of the people who/that appear on television wear makeup.
7. I don’t like to spend time with people who/that lose their temper easily.
8. The boy drew pictures of people at an airport who/that were waiting for their planes. Or The boy drew pictures of people who/that were waiting for their planes at the airport.
9. People who work in the hunger program they estimate that 3500 people in the world die from starvation every day of the year.
10. In one corner of the marketplace, an old man who was playing a violin. Or In one corner of the marketplace, there was an old man who was playing a violin.

EXERCISE I.D.1 USING ABVERB CLAUSES TO SHOW CAUSE AND EFFECT (1)

1. Cold air hovers near the earth because it is heavier than hot air.
2. Since you paid for the theater tickets, please let me pay for our dinner.
3. Now that Larry is finally caught up on his work, he can start his vacationtomorrow. [be caught up on = have no tasks left to do]
4. Because our TV set was broken, we listened to the news on the radio.
5. My brother got married last month. Now that he a married man, he has more
6. Since oil is an irreplaceable natural resource, we must do whatever we can in order to conserve it.
7. Do you want to go for a walk now that the rain has stopped?
8. Many young people move to the cities in search of employment since there are few jobs available in the rural areas.
9. Now that the civil war has ended, a new government is being formed.
10. Since ninety-two thousand people already have reservations with an airline company for a trip to the moon, I doubt that I’ll get the chance to go on one of the first tourist flights.

EXERCISE I.D.2 USING ADVERB CLAUSES TO SHOW CAUSE AND EFFECT (2)

 

1. Now that I’ve finally finished cleaning my room, I can watch TV.
2. The teacher didn’t collect the papers because the exercise is not going to be graded.
3. Since it’s too expensive to fly across the country, we are going by bus.
4. Jack can’t stay out all night with his friends, now that he is working the night shift.
5. Since we don’t have class tomorrow, we can stay up late tonight.

EXERCISE II.A SIMPLE PAST vs PAST CONTINUOUS

 

1. didn’t want … was raining
2. called … wasn’t …  was studying
3. didn’t hear … was sleeping
4. was shining … was blowing … was singing
5. were arguing … walked
6. opened … found
7. was reading …  fell  … closed  … tiptoed
8. was waiting …
9. A: Did you hear B: wasn’t listening  …  was thinking

10.A: Did you break  B: slipped   …  was crossing

EXERCISE II.B PRESENT PERFECT vs SIMPLE PAST

 

1. I haven’t attended                  2.   went                                3.   arrived

4. have already missed …  missed                                           5.   have had

6. has drawn …   drew               7.   has caled …  called       8.   has worn  …   wore

9.has risen   …  rose                    10.saw                                  11.has never seen [never

      saw would mean that either Fatima is now dead or you are telling a story about a fictional character whose story took place in the past.]

12.have known [knew would mean that Greg Adams is, in all likelihood, daed.]

13.has just arrived/ just arrived

14.haven’t been …   hasn’t responded   …   stated   …   have faxed   …   have phoned…   have sent

EXERCISE II.C. WILL vs BE GOING TO

PART I. EXPRESSING PREDICTIONS

(Use will and/or be going to with the verb in parentheses.)

[Note: there is no different in meaning between will and be going to in these sentences.]

2.will be/ is going to be …  is going to come

3.will probably see/ am probably going to see

4.A: won’t be/ is going to be … who will be/who’s going to be

B: will teach/ be going to teach …  will be/ am going to be

5. will the damage we do to our environment today affect/ is the damage we do to our environment today going to affect

PART II

[There is a different in meaning between will and be going to in these sentences: will expresses willingness and be going to expresses a prior plan.]

8.B: will do C: will do                       9.   is going to erase

10.will meet                                      11..am going to meet

12 .will get                                        13.am going to enroll   …   am going to take

14.will get                                        15.will go

16.am going to sell                          17.will look

EXERCISE II.B  PRESENT OR FUTURE CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

2.would bake 3.   have                                4.  had                                   5.   Is

6. were 7.   would not be…were   8.   Floats/ will float

9. were … would not exist                                           10.   does not arrive

11.were … would not want

12.would human beings live … were [eradicated = eliminated, destroyed]

13.disappears/ will disappear

14.had … would have to … would not be

 

EXERCISE III CAN – COULD – BE ABLE TO

a) 1. can/ is able to        2.   been able to      3.   be able to           4.   be able to

b) 1. could play (tennis) 2. could run           3.   could swim

c) 1. were be able to find it.                            2.   was be able to win (it).

3. was able to escape.

d) 1. couldn’t/ was able to                               2.   was able to

3.could/ was able to                                      4.   was able to

5.could/ was able to                                      6.   were able to

 

EXERCISE IV.1 FORMING THE PASSIVE

 

2.is being opened  3.   has been opened                     4.   Was opened

5. was being opened 6.   Will be opened                         7.   is going to be opened

8.is … being opened 9.   Was … opened                         10.Has been opened

 

EXERCISE IV.2 FORMING THE PASSIVE

PART I: CHANGE ACTIVE TO PASSIVE

2.Customers are served by waitresses and waiters

3.The lesson is going to be explained by the teacher.

4.A new idea has been suggested by Shirley.

5.Ann will be invited to the party by Bill.

6.That report is being prepared by Alex.

7.The farmer’s wagon was being pulled by two horses.

8.That note wasn’t written by me. It was written by Jim.

9.That pie wasn’t made by Alice. Was it made by Mrs. French?

10.Is that course taught by Prof.Jackson? I know that it isn’t taught by Prof Adams.

PART II: CHANGE THE PASSIVE TO ACTIVE

11.Omar wrote that sentence.

12.The teacher is going to collect our papers.

13.Did Thomas invent the electric light bulb.

14.Most drivers don’t obey the speed limit on Highway.

15.Has the building superintendent informed you of a proposed increase in our rent?

EXERCISE IV.3 FORMING THE PASSIVE

3.(no change) [compare died (instransitive verb) and is dead (be + adjective)]

4.(no change)

5.That theory was developed by Dr. Ikeda.

6.The cup was dropped by Timmy,

7.(no change)

8.I was interviewed by the assistant manager.

9.(no change)

10.The small fishing village was destroyed by a hurricane.

 

EXERCISE V.1 PARALLEL STRUCTURE

3.he spoke angrily and bitterly about the war. [adverb = adverb]

4.I looked for my book but I couldn’t find it. [verb = verb]

5.I hope to go to that university and study under Dr.Liu. [infinitive = infinitive]

6.In my spare time, I enjoy reading novels or watching television. [gerund + gerund]

7.He will leave at eight and arrive at nine. [verb + verb]

8.He should have broken his engagement to Beth and married Sue instead. [verb+ verb]

EXERCISE V.2 PARALLEL STRUCTURE

2.Mary is opening the door and (is) greeting her guests.

3.Mary will open the door and (will) greet her guests

4.Alice is kind, generous, and trustworthy.

5.He gave her flowers on Sunday, candy on Monday, and a ring on Tuesday.

6.While we were in New York, we attended an opera, ate at marvelous restaurants, and visited some old friends.

7.He decided to quit school, (to) go to California, and (to) find a job. {Note: To isusually not repeated in parallel infinitive unless the sentence is long and complicated. In a series, if the second to (to go in item 7 is included, the third to (to find) should be included also.]

8.I am looking forward to going to Italy and eating wonderful pasta every day.

[Note: Point out that to is a preposition here, followed by a gerund.]

9.I should have finished my homework and (should have) cleaned up my room.

10.The boy was old enough to work and (to) earn some money.

EXERCISE VI.1 REVIEW

 

2. about leaving 3.   of doing                          4.   for being

5. to having 6.   from completing          7.   about/of having

8. of studying 9.   for helping                     10.on knowing

11.in being                           12.of leaving [take advantage of = do something benefial

that is possible only in this situation]

13.for not going                 14.in searching                   15.   for making

16.for not wanting                        17.for washing … drying  18.to going

19.from running [also possible: by running (i.e, I was running)]

20.to going

 

EXERCISE VI.2 VERB FOLLOWED BY GERUND

 2. closing/ opening 3.   raining                            4.   running

5. taking/ going on 6.   studying                         7.   giving/ having

8.laughing 9.   hitting/ running into/ colliding with

10.going                               11.doing/ starting              12.making

13.going                               14.taking                              15.being

 

 

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Clanfield, L., 2007. Straight forward Beginner Student’s Book. 1^st ed. Spain: Macmillan.

Dellar, H., & Walkley, A., 2011. Outcomes Elementary Student’s Book. 1^st Asia ed. Singapore: Heinle, Cengage Learning.

Hewings, Martin. (1999). Advanced Grammar In Use. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Hồ Hải Thụy, Chu Khắc Thuật & Cao Xuân Phổ (1997). Từ Điển Anh- Việt: English- Vietnamese Dictionary. TP. Hồ Chí Minh: Nhà Xuất Bản TP. Hồ Chí Minh

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Maggs, P., & Smith, C., (2012). Outcomes Elementary Workbook. Singapore: Heinle, Cengage Learning.

Murphy, Raymond, Nguyen Thanh Yen (tr.), 1999. Essential Grammar In Use: 114 Đề Mục Ngữ Pháp Tiếng Anh Căn Bản. 2^st ed. Hồ Chí Minh: Nhà Xuất Bản Trẻ.

Betty Schrampfer Azar, Nguyễn Thành Yến, 2008 Understanding and using English Grammar, Ngữ Pháp Tiếng Anh Trình Độ Nâng Cao, Third Edition, Nhà Xuất Bản Thành Phố Hồ Chí Minh.

Grammar in use, Ngữ Pháp Tiếng Anh Căn Bản, Hồ Văn Hiệp, Nhà Xuất Bản Trẻ.

Thomson, A.J., & Martinet, A.V., (1986). A Practical English Grammar Exercises. 3^st ed. New York: Oxford University Press.

Yin, J. & Hudson, K., (2000). Buddhism Keystage 1. [e-book]. UK: Buddhist Education Foundation. Available at: http://www.vipassana.com.my/Resources/ResourcesC1.htm